Ethics are philosophical views which justify and support which behavior is right (good) and which behavior is wrong (bad). There are many different ethical view points which can conflict with each other under certain circumstances. Some believe as long as they intended to do something good, the results of their actions can be justified (Kantianism). Others believe the actions which benefit the most people should be taken (Utilitarianism). Some believe as long as they do what benefits them the most, they are doing the right thing (Egoism). So as you can see, different beliefs can have very different results.
What are some Common Ethical Theories?
- Egoism: Self interest is the top priority in this belief; what ever benefits me is the most important.
- Utilitarianism: The greater good is always considered; if five lives can be saved by taking one then it is more beneficial for the group.
- Kantianism: The consequences are of less importance than the intentions behind an action.
- Principlism: Actions take four principles in to consideration; free-will, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice.
- Virtue: Look to emulate heroes/saints and what is believed to be good.
- Natural rights theory: 3 basic rights (listed in order of priority) are life, liberty and property. Life is the top focus and it trumps the other two rights if they are in conflict.
Why do Ethics matter in Science?
I believe that ethics are important in the field of science because they set guidelines on the behaviors of scientists. Ethics limit what actions can be taken/justified in the name of science. They stop us from testing treatments on living creatures (mostly). They keep scientists aware of what they should be striving for and most importantly, they limit what shouldn't be done in the pursuit of progress.
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